Nubia (Arabic Nuba) A region of northeastern Africa, located between Egypt and Sudan, crossed longitudinally by the Nile, bounded on the north by the Aswan Locks, on the east by the Red Sea, on the south by the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, and on the west by the Libyan Desert. Only in the immediate vicinity of the Nile, interrupted by six locks, is a strip of arable land crossed by railroads; here are the principal centers: the Berber, the center of caravans to the Red Sea, at the confluence of the Atbara; the old center of Wadi Halfa, on the border of Egypt and Sudan, was inundated after the construction of the Aswan Dam.
At the beginning of the historical epoch (3500 B.C.), while Egyptian civilization was acquiring more and more independent features, a delayed sub-Neolithic (the so-called "Group A and B" cultures) continued in Nubia, which at the end of the Old Kingdom (2250 B.C.) developed into an autonomous and rich ceramic production (the so-called "Group C" culture, which would form the initial background of all overlaps of Egyptian Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom culture).
The Old Kingdom was interested only in exploiting the gold mines of the Nubian land; in the Middle Kingdom, military expeditions undertaken to protect the country's southern borders and trade routes led to the construction of a series of Egyptian fortresses along the river as far as Semnakh, south of the second cataract, without a process of amalgamation with the indigenous population or forms of expansion. Under the New Kingdom, under Thutmose I (1504-1492 BCE) in the
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